{"id":1405,"date":"2026-08-31T16:55:24","date_gmt":"2026-08-31T16:55:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.securesteps.tn\/?p=1405"},"modified":"2026-08-31T16:55:24","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T16:55:24","slug":"censored-country-walkthrough","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.securesteps.tn\/ar\/censored-country-walkthrough\/","title":{"rendered":"Censored Country Walkthrough \u2014 Smuggling Past a JA4 TLS Fingerprint Firewall"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Censored Country Walkthrough \u2014 Smuggling Past a JA4 TLS Fingerprint Firewall<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Platform:<\/strong> CyberTalents \u00b7 <strong>Category:<\/strong> Web\/Crypto \u00b7 <strong>Difficulty:<\/strong> Hard<br \/><strong>Goal:<\/strong> Get past a zero-trust gateway that only accepts one exact TLS ClientHello fingerprint.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Challenge<\/h2>\n<p><em>&#8220;Behind the Great Firewall&#8230;&#8221;<\/em> \u2014 a gateway that TLS-fingerprints every client with <strong>JA4<\/strong> and only lets one mysterious fingerprint through. The public instance is <code>54.153.42.171<\/code> (only ports 22 and 443 open).<\/p>\n<h2>Recon: the server leaks its own secret<\/h2>\n<p>The first HTTPS request \u2014 with any normal fingerprint \u2014 gets a <code>403 Forbidden<\/code>. But look at the response headers:<\/p>\n<pre><code>X-Expected-JA4:   t13i1013h2_646c4f7e2ebe_77cf8e4d6e9f\nX-Expected-JA4-R: t13i1013h2_1301,1302,1303,1304,c02b,c02c,c02f,c030,cca8,cca9_0005,000a,000b,000d,0012,0015,0023,002b,002d,0033,4469,ff01_0403,0804\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>That&#8217;s the <strong>entire recipe<\/strong>, served on a platter. <code>JA4-R<\/code> is the raw fingerprint:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>TLS 1.3 (<code>t13<\/code>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>no SNI<\/strong> \u2014 the <code>i<\/code> in <code>t13i...<\/code> means the ClientHello targets an IP with no SNI extension<\/li>\n<li>10 cipher suites<\/li>\n<li>13 extensions<\/li>\n<li>ALPN <code>h2<\/code><\/li>\n<li>signature algorithms <code>0403, 0804<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Understanding JA4<\/h2>\n<p>JA4 is a TLS client fingerprint. The full JA4 string is:<\/p>\n<pre><code>t13i1013h2_&lt;b&gt;_&lt;c&gt;\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>where the two hashed components are computed as:<\/p>\n<pre><code>b = sha256(ciphers sorted, comma-delimited hex)[:12]\nc = sha256(extensions sorted (SNI\/ALPN excluded), comma-delimited hex + \"_\" + sigalgs in order)[:12]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>We verified both hashes against the leak: <code>646c4f7e2ebe<\/code> and <code>77cf8e4d6e9f<\/code> reproduce exactly. So the task is: <strong>send a ClientHello that produces this exact JA4<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>The forge: uTLS<\/h2>\n<p>Normal TLS stacks won&#8217;t let you craft a ClientHello freely \u2014 Go&#8217;s <code>crypto\/tls<\/code> and OpenSSL decide extensions for you. <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/refraction-networking\/utls\">uTLS<\/a> exists precisely to defeat fingerprinting: it lets you build a custom <code>ClientHelloSpec<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>The spec must contain, in the right order for hashing (order doesn&#8217;t matter for JA4 \u2014 it sorts \u2014 but it matters for real-world parsing):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>10 ciphers:<\/strong> <code>1301,1302,1303,1304,c02b,c02c,c02f,c030,cca8,cca9<\/code><\/li>\n<li><strong>13 extensions, NO SNI:<\/strong> ALPN <code>h2<\/code> (0x0010), status_request (0x0005), supported_groups x25519 (0x000a), ec_point_formats (0x000b), signature_algorithms <code>[0403,0804]<\/code> (0x000d), <strong>unknown 0x0012<\/strong>, padding\u2192512 (0x0015), session_ticket (0x0023), supported_versions [1.3] (0x002b), psk_kex_modes dhe (0x002d), key_share x25519 (0x0033), <strong>unknown 0x4469<\/strong>, renegotiation_info (0xff01)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The two unknown extension types (0x0012, 0x4469) are emitted with <code>GenericExtension<\/code> \u2014 JA4 only hashes extension <em>types<\/em>, so their payloads don&#8217;t matter.<\/p>\n<h2>The pitfall that cost an hour<\/h2>\n<p>uTLS&#8217;s <code>BoringPaddingStyle<\/code> <strong>omits the padding extension entirely for ClientHellos under 256 bytes<\/strong>. Our first short hello came out with 12 extensions instead of 13 \u2014 and the fingerprint didn&#8217;t match. The fix:<\/p>\n<pre><code>&amp;utls.UtlsPaddingExtension{GetPaddingLen: utls.AlwaysPadToLen(512)}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Force the hello to exactly 512 bytes so the padding extension (0x0015) is always present.<\/p>\n<h2>Result<\/h2>\n<pre><code>handshake OK, proto: h2\nHTTP\/1.0 200 OK\nFLAG{h4ndcr4ft3d_h3ll0_sl1ps_thr0ugh}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Why this worked (the real lesson)<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>TLS fingerprints are not authentication.<\/strong> JA4 (and its predecessor JA3) describe <em>how<\/em> a client speaks TLS \u2014 they can be impersonated with a custom stack like uTLS. Using a fingerprint as an access-control gate is security by obscurity with a public spec.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The server leaked the expected fingerprint<\/strong> in an error header. That turned the challenge into a hash-reproduction puzzle \u2014 fun, but a reminder that verbose 403s are free reconnaissance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The padding pitfall is generic<\/strong>: fingerprint-based rules that depend on extension <em>presence<\/em> are sensitive to ClientHello length heuristics in the forging library.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Defense takeaways:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Never use client fingerprints alone for authorization; pair with real credentials or mTLS.<\/li>\n<li>Don&#8217;t echo expected fingerprint values in error responses.<\/li>\n<li>If you must fingerprint, treat it as one low-trust signal among many.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Files<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><code>forge\/main.go<\/code> \u2014 the uTLS forger (working exploit)<\/li>\n<li><code>ja4calc.py<\/code> \u2014 pcap ClientHello parser \/ JA4 verifier<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Writeup of a solved CyberTalents web\/crypto challenge. All attack surface described here is part of the challenge&#8217;s intended vulnerable application.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How a leaked X-Expected-JA4 header plus a hand-crafted uTLS ClientHello slipped past a zero-trust TLS fingerprint gateway (CyberTalents Web\/Crypto CTF).<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[82,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cryptography","category-networksecurity"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How a leaked X-Expected-JA4 header plus a hand-crafted uTLS ClientHello slipped past a zero-trust TLS fingerprint gateway (CyberTalents Web\/Crypto CTF).\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Zied BELGHITH\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.securesteps.tn\/ar\/censored-country-walkthrough\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.1.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Secure Steps - 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